The North American emission control area (ECA) entered into force on 1 August 2012. As part of the regulation, vessels approaching the US and Canada will have to switch over to a maximum 1 per cent sulphur emission fuel within a 200-mile boundary. In reality, however, switching over may come much sooner than 200 miles from the port or destination that the vessel will be transiting. For example, a Panamax travelling a great-circle route from northwest Europe to New York would cross the ECA bound....

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